有美容方面问题就问我张某人，有问必答—3-1最基本的抛光原理！

      都是英文版的，我大概的翻译一下，只要大家能明白就好！内容有点多，我一段一段的翻译！希望对大家都帮助！
  原文如下：
  Preparation, preparation, preparation... is the key to amazing car care results. No matter how good your last step product is, or how many coats of it you apply, you will not achieve a perfect finish unless you prepare your paint properly. Preparation usually involves two steps. In the first, firmly bonded surface contaminants are removed using a clay bar and a lubricant. In the second, sub-surface defects such as swirl marks and scratches are removed by polishing, which is a broad term for a range of processes that remove or mask defects and enhance surface gloss in preparation for the addition of protection.
  大概意思
   「准备、准备、还是准备」这就是让你的爱车有令人惊奇展现的关键。无论你在最后一个步骤（用了多好的产品，或者是你上了多少层的东西，除非你正确的准备好对待你的车漆，不然你将不会达到一个令人觉得完美的结果。所为的「准备好」通常是指包含的两个步骤，首先，使用洗车泥及润滑剂将跟油漆表面有稳固连结的脏污去除（XD）。第二，像是太阳纹（swirl marks）或是抓痕（scratches）这一类在次表面（sub-surface？）的缺陷可以由拋光的步骤去除。这步骤是一个宽阔范围的程序，可以除去或是盖痕（mask defects）以及由加上一层的保护，增加表面的光泽。
   总结 --他在强调抛光的重要，只无论你最后用多么好的车蜡，或者镀膜产品，如果抛光不好肯定达不到最后的效果，他强调用洗车泥清洗油漆表面后再抛光的重要性！通过洗车泥的清洗，可以增加油漆的亮度！

顶啊，好贴学习中

    原文；
What do we mean by sub-surface defects? Sub-surface defects are any form of damage that penetrates the top layer of paint on your car, and include swirl marks, scratches, stone chips, water spots and etching caused by bug remains and bird droppings. By far the most common form of sub-surface defect are stone chips, particularly on bonnets and wings. However, many paint finishes also suffer from swirl marks and etching, and scratches are almost guaranteed if you park in supermarket car parks on a regular basis. Another less common form of defect are buffer trails, which are lines of swirl marks inflicted by poor machine polishing technique.

大概意思！
 
  所谓的次表面的缺陷（sub-surface defects）所指的是什么呢？次表面的缺意指任何在车漆的最上层的损害形式(注意，是清漆部分），这包括了太阳纹（swirl marks）、抓痕（scratches）、飞石造成的缺口（stone chips）、水渍（water spots）以及虫及鸟粪的刻蚀。显然，最常见的就是飞石造成的缺陷，这特别在引擎盖（bonnets）及两侧（wings？）。然而，也有许多饱受太阳纹、抓痕之苦的车漆，尤其是你常常把车停在马路边不小心弄伤到的划痕。另一种损害的形式则是缓衡器？？（不懂，也许是一种机器）（buffer trails？？），这是一种贫弱机器的拋光技术所造成的。

原文
 Stone chips and scratches are obvious types of defect whose cause is clear, but what about swirl marks, water spots and etching? What are they, and how are they caused? Swirl marks are circular patterns of very fine scratches that resemble the form of cobwebs (they are often referred to as cobwebbing). They are nearly always the result of poor washing technique, and are virtually guaranteed to be inflicted if you use automatic car washes (those rotating bristles aren't as soft and gentle as they look). The other classic cause of swirl marks are traditional yellow sponges, as they provide no means of lifting particles of dirt safely away from painted surfaces when they are being washed. Instead, dirt particles are held on the face of the sponge and moved around over the underlying surfaces, creating fine scratches.

大概意思
   飞石造成的缺口（stone chips）和抓痕（scratches）是造成明显缺陷的主要原因。然而，那太阳纹（swirl marks）、水渍（water spots）及其他的划痕呢？这又是怎么造成的。所谓的太阳纹（swirl marks）意味着是一种类似蜘蛛网（cobwebs）一样非常细微的环形刮痕，（通常被称为布满了蜘蛛网），这几乎是因为缺乏洗车技术及使用自动洗车机（洗车机的刷毛并不如你想像中的柔软）的后果。另一个造成太阳文的典型原因就是传统的黄色海绵。当在洗车时，黄色海绵并没有提供使灰尘粒子被举起并安全的离开车漆表面的方法，相反的，灰尘粒子附着在海绵的表面并且在表面上方绕运动，进而造成车漆上细微的刻痕
  
总结 划痕是怎么来的？主要是机器洗车和海绵洗车，海绵上带有小沙子

原文
Water spots may form on painted surfaces when tap water is used to rinse off suds and then left to dry off naturally. The spots themselves comprise calcium carbonate , or limescale as it is more commonly known, and other salts. If such deposits are left on painted surfaces for any significant length of time, they can harden to the point where they become difficult to remove, even by machine. In extreme cases, such deposits can attack underlying surfaces, causing etching. Etching refers to chemical erosion of the top layer of paint (more often than not a clear coat), and is also caused by the corrosive effects of organic acids in bug remains and bird droppings. Such contaminants should always be removed as quickly as possible in order to minimise the risk of etching.

大概意思

水渍也许是因为用自来水冲洗洗车液（suds）后没有马上擦拭干净，又让它自然的风干，而残留在漆的表面。这污渍通常是包含碳酸钙（calcium carbonate）、水垢（limescale）或是盐分。如果又让它长时间的残留在漆的表面上，会使他变的更加顽固，更难去清除，甚至用机器也是一样，除非你用研磨剂抛光处理。在最坏的情况下，这些沉淀物会侵蚀表漆而造成刻蚀，而刻蚀又是指在最上层车漆的化学腐蚀（腐蚀清漆）（在不干净的表面更容易出现），或是被虫或鸟粪这一类具有酸性的有机物腐蚀。为了使这样刻蚀油漆的危险减到最小，我们应该尽可能的在短时间把它清除掉。

原文
 Can all sub-surface defects be corrected by polishing? Sadly, the answer is no. Critical to this issue is the depth of the defect in relation to the paint system. Most modern paint systems are made up of three layers; a basecoat of primer, then a layer of flat colour, and finally a topcoat of clear lacquer, commonly referred to as the clear coat. The clear coat on many modern cars is often two to three times as thick as the underlying colour layer, and is designed to enhance the appearance of the finish as well provide protection. Most sub-surface defects usually only affect the clear coat, and can often be fully corrected by polishing. However, if the defect has penetrated the clear coat and exposed the colour layer or the primer, polishing will not help, and may even make matters worse. In these cases, your only option is a trip to the bodyshop. In our experience, most stone chip damage falls into this latter category. A good test of whether a defect can be corrected by polishing is the fingernail test; if you run your fingernail over a defect and it catches, the chances are it is too deep to be corrected by polishing alone.
   大概意思
   所有的表面缺陷都可以经由抛光来修补吗？不幸地，答案是否定的。
   主要关键点在于车漆结构上缺陷的深度，近代大部分的车漆结构由三层所组成，最底层为底漆（底漆层），然后是一层顏色相同的色漆（色漆层），最后最上层是透明亮漆，通常称为透明涂层（清漆层）。
  在现代的汽车上，清漆的厚度大约为其下色漆层的二至三倍，主要被设计来增强车漆的外观以及提供保护，大部分的表面刮痕通常只影响到清漆层，且通常可以经由抛光来完全修补，然而，如果刮痕已经穿清漆层而到达色漆层或底漆层，单纯抛光是没有帮助的，甚至会让情况更加恶化
   在这种情况下，你唯一的选择是将车子送至车身修理厂，在我们的经验中，大部分的飞石所造成的缺损是属于后者的类型。
  有一个用来判断刮痕是否可以利用抛光来修补的良好测试为指甲测试，如果你将你的手指甲由刮痕上滑过并且你的指甲会被其卡住，这可能代表刮伤已经太深，无法仅经由抛光来修补。
（指甲测试这个方法大家都知道吧？老外也没那么神，用的方法大家都在用）

原文
  How can defects be corrected? Defects in the clear coat can be corrected in one of two ways. Firstly, you can lower the level of the clear coat in the vicinity of the defect by aggressive polishing until the defect is no longer visible. In general, it is safe to remove up to 25% of the thickness of the clear coat - any more and you risk paint system failure. The benefit of this technique is that the defect is permanently removed, but the downside is that such action can compromise the integrity of the clear coat, particularly if undertaken on a regular basis. The second option is to lessen the severity of the defect by gentle polishing, and then hide or mask it before applying protection. This is undoubtedly a safer option, but the downside is that the correction is only temporary - whatever you use to fill the defect will eventually be eroded, making it visible again.
 大概意思
     刮痕是如何被修补的呢？刮痕如果只位在清漆层上，可以经由两种方式来修补。
  第一种方式，你可以利用抛光来降低刮痕附近的晶油层直到刮痕不再看得到，在一般情况下，切削掉百分之25的清漆层厚度仍属安全，更多的切削会使你面临车漆结构溃散的风险，第一种方式的好处是刮痕可以永久地被移除，但是这种方式会伴随著危害清漆层完整性的缺点，尤其是定期的做这种处理时。
  第二种方式是利用温和抛光?(gentle polishing)来减轻刮痕的严重性，然后在实施防护前隐藏或遮蔽它，这毫无疑问的是一个安全的方式，但是缺点為此种修补仅是暂时性地，你使用来填补刮痕的物质始终会被侵蚀掉，使得刮痕再度显现出来。
 
  总结
   他告诉我们，如果刻意的抛光，那么会伤害到油漆本身的结构，这样更容易伤害到车本身   如果用掩盖性的产品去做，虽然这个方法是最安全的，但由于车蜡和漆面镀膜产品本身的性能的原因是不长久的，一段时间过后还是会出来。他们遇到的难题和我们一样！
 很可笑的是国人天天都在找能做一次镀膜管1年2年的产品，很多无良的商家宣传自己的产品能管3年，真悲哀！

原文
  In addition to the choices given above, you also have the option to work by hand or machine. Polishing by hand is not a waste of time, although it is fair to say that it is hard work, and the results are limited. If you have any defects worse than minor swirl marks you will not remove them working by hand; the best you can hope to do is lessen their severity and then consider masking them prior to applying protection. Machine polishing opens up greater possibilities, both good and bad. Whilst it becomes possible to fully correct even quite serious defects, it equally becomes possible to remove your clear coat in a short space of time. If you go down the road of machine polishing, do your homework, follow the advice laid out below and allow sufficient time to practice and gain experience.

大概意思
    除了上述的选择之外，你还可以选择使用手或机器来进行作业，使用手工抛光并不是在浪费时间，尽管手工抛光老实说是一项艰困的工作，且其成果也是相当有限的。如果你的车漆上有任何比细微太阳纹还严重的刮痕，你将无法利用纯手工来移除，你可以期望的最好情况是减轻刮痕的严重性，然後在实施保护前将他们看做是已经去掉了。机器拋光提供了更大的可能性，这是好事也是坏事，在它能将非常严重的刮痕完全修补的同时，它也同样的可能在短时间內将你的清漆层清除。如果你想要利用机器做抛光，你必须做些功课，跟随着接下来的建议并且经由练习足够的时间来获得经验。

   看到这里，想到国内的一个很火的牌子，在施工前油漆全部用砂纸打过后，再用高转速的机器去抛光，是保养车还是伤车？

原文
  Now we can start to see why some people are daunted by polishing. Not only can we tackle defects in different ways, but we can also use different methods. If this level of choice wasn't bad enough, we now have to add in a third factor; that of product selection. It is no surprise that many car care enthusiasts are put off and confused by the polishing process, for there are literally dozens of different polishes available on the market, all named and marketed in different ways. However, when you look past the choice and the labels, four main categories of polish appear, and these categories are the key to really understanding polishing, as they unify all of the other options outlined above. For this reason, we will now consider these four categories of polish, namely compounds, polishes, glazes and cleaner-waxes, before moving on to look at polishing techniques in more detail.

大概意思
  现在我们开始去了解为什么有些人会对抛光这件事觉得气馁，我们不仅可以利用不同的方式去处理刮痕，我们也可以使用不同的方法来进行抛光，如果这样的多重选择程度还不算太糟，现在我们可以加入第三个因素；产品的选择。
 许多爱车族被抛光产品所拖延和被搞得困惑，一点都不夸张，在市场上可以买到上打不同的抛光产品，其名称和诉求皆不同。
  然而当你看过所有可供选择的产品和使用说明，我们可以将抛光产品细分为四个主要的种类，这种分类方式是彻底了解抛光的关键，此种分类方式统整了上述所有的產品选择。基因于此，在我们更进一步介绍抛光技术之前，我们将先考虑这四种抛光产品种类，分别为研磨剂、抛光剂、镜面剂和清洁蜡。

原文
  Polishing compounds are the most aggressive type of polishes on the market, and are used to correct major paint defects, such as severe swirl marks, and restore dull, neglected paint. Polishing compounds work by physical abrasion, and should be thought of as liquid sandpaper. Many modern polishing compounds comprise uniformly sized abrasive particles that break down progressively during the polishing process. This contrasts with traditional polishing compounds, in which the abrasives did not break down at all during the polishing process, and which left surface hazing that required further polishing steps with increasingly finer abrasives until a high gloss finish was restored in readiness for protection. The benefit of modern abrasive technology is that it is now often possible to go straight from compounding to applying wax or sealant protection without the need for intervening polishing steps. In cases where an extra polishing step is required (often on darker coloured cars), the amount of additional polishing required is significantly reduced, saving time and effort.

大概意思
  研磨剂是市场上最具切削力的抛光产品类别，通常被用来修补较严重的车漆缺陷，例如严重的太阳纹，车漆颜色暗沉恢复，异漆去除，研磨剂是利用物理研磨的工作原理，可以将之视为水砂纸一般，许多新式的研磨剂由单一大小的研磨颗粒所组成，在抛光过程中这些颗粒会进一步的分解，对照于传统的研磨剂，在抛光过程中其研磨颗粒完全不会分解，这会使得车漆表面雾化，此时需要更进一步的使用研磨颗粒较小的研磨剂进行抛光，一直到一个高透亮的抛光结果被恢复后就可以开始准备防护（这里的防护指的是打蜡或者镀膜）。现代研磨剂科技的好处是现在它通常可以从使用研磨剂研磨后直接上蜡或上密封防护剂（老外说的密封剂我们称之为镀膜），而不需要中间其他的抛光程序。以一个需要额外的抛光程序为例（通常为深色车），所需抛光程序的数量可以被显著的减少，这意味著可以节省时间以及力气。

  总结  1现在又新的产品出来，也就是中抛 细抛 上光一体的研磨剂，现在应该有很多人在开始用吧？
        2 老外说的漆面密封剂就是我们说的镀膜 镀晶